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# energyfaculty.com

At energyfaculty.com you will find narratives describing processes and how things work, formulas, energy data and tools for performing energy calculations.

## Posts

- [Featured topics](https://energyfaculty.com/featured-topics/) - Energy related news, comments and topics of particular interest
- [Fuel consumption to rise despite 100 million electrical cars](https://energyfaculty.com/featured/fuel-consumption-to-rise-despite-100-million-electrical-cars/) - According to oil major BP Fuel consumption will rise despite 100 million electrical cars in 2035. BP has launched it’s latest energy outlook.
- [The biofuel controversy](https://energyfaculty.com/featured/the-biofuel-controversy/) - The energy debate has for a long time been discussing if there are good alternatives to fossil fuels. It started decades ago with the oil crisis.
- [16 Facts about hydrogen](https://energyfaculty.com/featured/16-facts-about-hydrogen/) - Since hydrogen (H2)often is the subject of energy debate, we have put together some basic facts about hydrogen
- [China targets one million fuel cell vehicles](https://energyfaculty.com/featured/china-targets-one-million-fuel-cell-vehicles/) - China has established the largest NEV (New Energy Vehicle) market worldwide and target rapid progress in hydrogen activities.
- [Heat pumps to regenerate energy from London Underground trains](https://energyfaculty.com/featured/heat-pumps-to-regenerate-energy-from-london-underground-trains/) - Existing district heating network to capture and utilize waste heat from London underground
- [Engage in the energy debate](https://energyfaculty.com/featured/engage-in-the-energy-debate/) - Why is energy knowledge important? A lot of the public debate is centred around energy, energy availability, energy efficiency and the consequences of using energy.
- [How friction impacts on energy efficiency and fuel consumption of passenger cars](https://energyfaculty.com/featured/how-friction-impacts-on-energy-efficiency-and-fuel-consumption-of-passenger-cars/) - Even if these numbers mainly are global averages representing a cross section of all the 700 million passenger cars world wide we believe that the numbers still provide a fairly good overall picture.
- [How to turn oil and gas into low emission fuel](https://energyfaculty.com/featured/how-to-turn-oil-and-gas-into-low-emission-fuel/) - How to turn oil and gas into low emission fuel by using well proven technology.
- [Help us to improve!](https://energyfaculty.com/featured/help-us-to-improve/) - We are continously working to keep energyfaculty.com updated and of high quality. To help us doing so we kindly ask you to answer a few questions.
- [Reduced oil production and increased demand](https://energyfaculty.com/featured/reduced-oil-production-and-increased-demand/) - IEA reports that global oil production has been reduced while the demand has increased.
- [Energy efficiency by use of heat pumps](https://energyfaculty.com/featured/energy-efficiency-by-use-of-heat-pumps/) - Energy efficiency - A heat pump is rather unique in that it delivers more thermal power than the electrical power consumed.
- [Oil majors and car makers to push hydrogen technology to help cut emissions](https://energyfaculty.com/featured/oil-majors-and-car-makers-to-push-hydrogen-technology-to-help-cut-emissions/) - During the World Economic Forum on January 17th the Hydrogen Council were launched. This is a cooperation between 13 major players from various industries.

## Pages

- [Home](https://energyfaculty.com/) - Energy facts and learning. A lot of the public debate is centred around energy, energy availability, energy efficiency and the consequences of using energy.
- [Fuel cells](https://energyfaculty.com/fuel-cells/) - A fuel cell is a reactor converting chemical energy from a fuel, directly into electricity.
- [Electrochemical batteries](https://energyfaculty.com/electrochemical-batteries/) - The electrochemical battery is powered by the redox reaction. Electrons are added at the cathode during charging, while electrons are removed at the anode.
- [Photovoltaic energy generation](https://energyfaculty.com/photovoltaic-energy-generation/) - Materials absorbing photons and being ionized such that electrons are released are known to have a photoelectric effect, often called solar cells.
- [Sterling engine](https://energyfaculty.com/sterling-engine/) - The Stirling engine is different from the internal combustion engine since it operates as a closed-cycle heat engine.
- [Steam turbine](https://energyfaculty.com/steam-turbine/) - An engine that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam by expansion over several stages to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft.
- [Other internal combustion engines](https://energyfaculty.com/internal-combustion-engines/) - Two stroke and four stroke internal combustion piston engines. The number of strokes describes the number required for one piston to complete a full cycle.
- [Gas turbines](https://energyfaculty.com/gas-turbines-and-other-heat-machines/) - A gas turbine is an internal combustion engine. Simplified, it has a rotating compressor coupled to a turbine, with a combustion chamber in between.
- [Tidal turbines - Tidal energy](https://energyfaculty.com/tidal-turbines-tidal-energy/) - Tidal energy or power, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into electricy or other useful power.
- [Wave turbines - Wave power](https://energyfaculty.com/wave-turbines-wave-power/) - The wave power is determined by wave speed, wavelength and the density of the water.
- [Wind turbines - Wind power](https://energyfaculty.com/wind-turbines-wind-power/) - A wind turbine makes it possible to utilise the kinetic energy from the wind to drive a generator that convert the kinetic energy into electrical power.
- [Water - Hydro turbines](https://energyfaculty.com/turbines-and-engines/) - Various forms of turbines and engines drive electromagnetic generators.
- [Electromagnetic generator](https://energyfaculty.com/electromagnetic-generator/) - The generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction. There are two main categories of electromagnetic generators.
- [Energy generation - electrical energy](https://energyfaculty.com/energy-generation-electrical-energy/) - Energy generation - Generation of electrical power is mainly done by use of generators, often driven by a heat engine or a hydro or wind turbine.
- [Glossary](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/) - Glossary - Energy terms
- [Nuclear energy](https://energyfaculty.com/nuclear-energy/) - Nuclear energy can be used to create electricity, but it must first be released from the atom. In nuclear fission, atoms are split to release the energy.
- [Water cycle](https://energyfaculty.com/water-cycle/) - The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.
- [Nitrogen cycle](https://energyfaculty.com/nitrogen-cycle/) - Nitrogen cycle - Nitrogen is the dominating component of the atmosphere (78%), due to the strong triple bonds, it is unavailable to most organisms.
- [Carbon dioxide - Photosynthesis](https://energyfaculty.com/carbon-dioxide-photosynthesis/) - Photosynthesis is a process where various organisms convert energy from the sun (light) into chemical energy.
- [Carbon dioxide](https://energyfaculty.com/carbon-dioxide-co2/) - Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas, vital to life on Earth.
- [Carbon cycle](https://energyfaculty.com/carbon-cycle/) - The carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to making the Earth capable of sustaining life.
- [Ammonia](https://energyfaculty.com/ammonia/) - Content - Other fuels Biofuel Biomass Bio-oil Biodielsel Green-Renewable diesel Bio-gas Synthetic diesel Cleaning and drying Gas to liquid (GTL) Biomass to liquid (BTL) Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) Ethanol Methanol Hydrogen Ammonia Ammonia (NH3) is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen, which in it´s simplest form, is a colorless gas with a pungent smell.
- [Hydrogen](https://energyfaculty.com/hydrogen/) - Hydrogen properties, energy content and production.
- [Methanol](https://energyfaculty.com/methanol/) - Methanol is the simplest alcohol, and is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor very similar to that of ethanol.
- [Ethanol](https://energyfaculty.com/ethanol/) - Ethanol is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid with a slight chemical odor. It is used as an antiseptic, a solvent, and a fuel.
- [Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS)](https://energyfaculty.com/fischer-tropsch-synthesis-fts/) - Fischer-tropsch-synthesis is the final stage of the process to produce synthetic diesel.
- [Cleaning and drying](https://energyfaculty.com/cleaning-and-drying/) - Production of synthetic diesel - Cleaning and drying of the feed-gas.
- [Synthetic diesel](https://energyfaculty.com/synthetic-diesel/) - Synthetic diesel definition and production - synthetic diesel facts
- [Biogas](https://energyfaculty.com/biogas/) - Biogas definition and production - Biogas facts - Biogas is generated from decay of organic material without oxygen.
- [Green - Renewable diesel](https://energyfaculty.com/green-renewable-diesel/) - Green diesel - Renewable diesel definition and production. Green- Renewable diesel facts.
- [Biodiesel](https://energyfaculty.com/biodiesel/) - Biodiesel definition and production - Biodiesel facts
- [Bio-oil](https://energyfaculty.com/bio-oil/) - Definition and production of bio-oil. Describes what bio-oil is, raw materiel and production.
- [Biofuel](https://energyfaculty.com/biofuel/) - What is biofuel - Definition of biofuel. composition and environmental issues.
- [Oil and gas use](https://energyfaculty.com/oil-and-gas-use/) - Hydrocarbons or oil and gas have a variety of areas for use as energy carrier as well as commodity for wide range of refined products.
- [Oil and gas distribution](https://energyfaculty.com/oil-and-gas-distribution/) - Pipelines are used to transport large volumes of oil as well as gas over long distances at different stages of the oil and gas production and distribution.
- [Oil and gas storage and transportation](https://energyfaculty.com/oil-and-gas-storage-and-transportation/) - In most cases the oil needs to be stabilised and the gas needs to be dried and compressed before transportation over longer distances.
- [Gas treatment](https://energyfaculty.com/gas-treatment/) - In a gas treatment plant the raw natural gas is processed to meet the trading specifications of pipeline and gas distribution companies.
- [Oil refining and distribution](https://energyfaculty.com/oil-refining-and-distribution/) - An oil refinery is a chemical plant that process and refine crude oil into useful products.
- [Enhanced oil and gas production](https://energyfaculty.com/enhanced-oil-and-gas-production/) - A variety of techniques and tools are being used to enhance production, including plant hardware but also simulation, control and monitoring enhancements.
- [Production facilities](https://energyfaculty.com/production-facilities/) - Description of facilities and equipment used for oil and gas exploration and production.
- [Oil and gas production](https://energyfaculty.com/oil-and-gas-production/) - Based on seismic data, exploration and appraisal drilling and the development of the reservoir, production wells are positioned and drilled.
- [Well completion](https://energyfaculty.com/well-completion/) - Completion of a well means preparing and finishing the well for production.
- [Drilling operations](https://energyfaculty.com/drilling-operations/) - The design of oil and gas wells will vary from case to case and have a broad variety in respect of detailed solutions based on local conditions, rules and
- [Oil and gas drilling](https://energyfaculty.com/oil-and-gas-drilling/) - Drilling for oil and gas is performed from a drilling rig that may have various configuration to suit tha actual needs.
- [Oil and gas exploration and production](https://energyfaculty.com/oil-and-gas-exploration-and-production/) - Oil and gas exploration and production is divided into two main categories; onshore and offshore fields.
- [Oil and gas generation](https://energyfaculty.com/oil-and-gas-generation/) - Oil and gas - Temperature increases kerogen is generated, sediment layers becomes deeper and the temperature exceeds 75° C the hydrocarbon chains of kerogen...
- [Hydrocarbon definition and formula](https://energyfaculty.com/hydrocarbon-definition-and-formula/) - The main chemical components of fossil fuels are hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons belong to a group of chemical substance composed only by Carbon and Hydrogen atoms.
- [Energy transmission - Electrical energy](https://energyfaculty.com/energy-transmission-electrical-energy/) - Energy transmission - Electrical energy or electricity is distributed either by cable through distribution grids or as electrochemical energy in batteries.
- [Energy distribution - Electrical energy](https://energyfaculty.com/energy-distribution-electrical-energy/) - The distribution system is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers.
- [Energy utilization - Electrical energy](https://energyfaculty.com/energy-utilization-electrical-energy/) - Even if there are differences between regions, in a developed country, household electricity represents around one third of total electricity consumtion.
- [Heat pump](https://energyfaculty.com/heat-pump/) - How heat pumps work - Learn about heat pump types how they work and find information about various heat pump models.
- [The Sun](https://energyfaculty.com/the-sun/) - The Sun is the most important source of energy for life on Earth.
- [Energy storage](https://energyfaculty.com/energy-storage/) - Energy storage involves converting energy from one form to another to create the desired flexibility in respect of demand and availability.
- [Primary energy carriers](https://energyfaculty.com/primary-carriers/) - Primary energy or sources of energy are found in nature and has not been subject to conversion or transformation.
- [Sound energy](https://energyfaculty.com/sound-energy/) - Sound energy is transferred through the environment (matter) by wave motion caused by the vibrating object.
- [Electromagnetic energy](https://energyfaculty.com/electromagnetic-energy/) - Electromagnetic energy is a form of energy that is reflected or emitted from objects in the form of electrical and magnetic waves.
- [Electrochemical energy](https://energyfaculty.com/electrochemical-energy/) - Electrochemical energy is what we normally call the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy or vice versa.
- [Electrical energy](https://energyfaculty.com/electrical-energy/) - Electrical energy is the combination of electric current and electrical potential that is delivered by a circuit.
- [Chemical energy](https://energyfaculty.com/chemical-energy/) - Chemical energy is energy stored in substances by the bindings between atoms and molecules that will be released and or used during a chemical reaction or
- [Thermal energy](https://energyfaculty.com/thermal-energy/) - Thermal energy is the combined kinetic energy and potential energy of the particles of a substance. These particles may be electrons, atoms and molecules.
- [Potential energy](https://energyfaculty.com/potential-energy/) - Potential energy is the energy of an object or a system with respect to the position it has within a force field.
- [Kinetic energy](https://energyfaculty.com/kinetic-energy/) - Kinetic energy is the energy of an object caused by its motion. The kinetic energy is a function of the mass and the velocity of the object.
- [Energy transition](https://energyfaculty.com/energy-transition/) - Forms of energy - Energy cannot be created or destroyed, energy can only be transformed or converted.
- [Introduction](https://energyfaculty.com/introduction/) - Learn about energy - Laws of energy and mass-energy equivalence. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, energy can only be transformed or converted.
- [Calculators - Photovoltaic solar cell](https://energyfaculty.com/calculators-photovoltaic-solar-cell/) - Calculate the potential of using photovoltaic energy generation at all european , african and Asian locations.
- [Formulas - Power and processes](https://energyfaculty.com/formulas-power-and-processes/) - The power available from a certain hydropower resource may be determined by calculating the hydraulic head and the flow rate of the water.
- [Formulas - Energy](https://energyfaculty.com/formulas-energy/) - Formula for kinetic energy - Translational kinetic energy - Rotational kinetic energy.
- [Content](https://energyfaculty.com/content/) - Content page listing all subjects of energyfaculty.com
- [Proposal for change](https://energyfaculty.com/proposal-for-change/) - If you have discovered an error that you want to report or have constructive proposals for improvements please send us an e mail stating the following: Your name Whether you are reporting an error or if you have a proposal for improvement. What section of the web site you are referring to Description of your proposal
- [Resources](https://energyfaculty.com/resources/) - Energy data - Tables, charts, formulas, energy calculators and unit converters
- [About energyfaculty](https://energyfaculty.com/about-energyfaculty/) - energyfaculty.com is a source for finding and exploring information related to energy. You will find narratives, formulas, energy data and tools.
- [Drilling equipment](https://energyfaculty.com/drilling-equipment/) - A drilling rig contain 5 main systems: Hoisting system and Draw works, Rotary system, Circulation system, Power system Safety and blow out prevention system.
- [Contact](https://energyfaculty.com/contact/) - To contact us please fill in the below form and we will come back to you as soon as possible.
- [Biomass](https://energyfaculty.com/biomass/) - Definition of biomass. Describes what biomass is and what it is used for.
- [Gas to liquid (GTL)](https://energyfaculty.com/gas-to-liquid-gtl/) - GTL or gas to liquid describes Syngas definition and production, an important element in production of synthetic fuels.
- [Biomass to liquid (BTL)](https://energyfaculty.com/biomass-to-liquid-btl/) - Converting biomass to liquid. Describes how biomass may be converted into liquids.
- [Unit converters](https://energyfaculty.com/unit-converters/) - Unit converters - Converts: Energy - power - length - area - volume - weight and mass - temperature - pressure -velocity
- [Proposal for improvement](https://energyfaculty.com/proposal-for-improvement/) - We would welcome any constructive proposals for improvements or reporting of errors discovered at energyfaculty.
- [Privacy and cookie policy](https://energyfaculty.com/privacy-and-cookie-policy/) - How we collect data, what kind of data we process and what rights you as a user of our web site have.
- [Periodic table](https://energyfaculty.com/periodic-table/) - Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements by atomic number and electron configuration.
- [Legal notice](https://energyfaculty.com/legal-notice/) - The purpose of energyfaculty.com is to enable increased knowledge and learning related to energy and to provide easy accessible tools, data and calculations.
- [Physical and thermal properties](https://energyfaculty.com/physical-and-thermal-properties/) - Data tables - Physical and thermal properties for various fuels and substances - Calorific value, heating value and heating capacity.
- [Calculators - Energy](https://energyfaculty.com/calculators-energy/) - Calculate various forms of energy - Kinetic energy, potential energy and wind power calculations
- [Calculators](https://energyfaculty.com/calculators/) - Performing your own automated combustion calculations. Calculates chemical formula, combustion, energy and emissions.
- [Formula - Photosynthesis](https://energyfaculty.com/formula-photosynthesis/) - The overall equation for photosynthesis may be expressed as: 6CO2 + 12H2O(Water) + photons(Light energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
- [Carbon dioxide emissions](https://energyfaculty.com/carbon-dioxide-emissions/) - Charts providing data for global carbon dioxide emissions per year and region during the period 1996 to 2015.
- [Primary energy production](https://energyfaculty.com/primary-energy-production/) - Charts providing data for global primary energy production by type , year and region during the period 1996 to 2015.
- [Primary energy consumption](https://energyfaculty.com/primary-energy-consumption/) - Charts providing data for global energy consumption per year, type and region in the period 1996 to 2015.
- [Heat pump data](https://energyfaculty.com/heat-pump-data/) - Heat pump comparison - Comparing various heat pump models, Heat pump efficiency, performance and capacity.
- [Forms of energy & energy carriers](https://energyfaculty.com/forms-of-energy-energy-carriers/) - Data tables - Description of forms of energy and energy carriers.
- [Electrical consumption statistics](https://energyfaculty.com/electrical-consumption-statistics/) - The table indicate the estimated US residential electricity consumption by end use 2014.
- [Carbon cycle - Carbon reservoir](https://energyfaculty.com/carbon-cycle-2/) - Data tables - Carbon quantities within various carbon reservoirs.
- [Wind energy](https://energyfaculty.com/wind-energy/) - Data tables - Wind power as a function of wind speed.
- [Batteries & Fuel cells](https://energyfaculty.com/batteries-fuel-cells/) - Tables providing data for batteries and fuel cells. Chemical compounds, thermal efficiency and Gibbs free energy
- [Hydrogen - Energy](https://energyfaculty.com/hydrogen-2/) - Data tables - Hydrogen energy. Energy content for hydrogen at various conditions. Hydrogen storage comparison

## CM Tooltip Glossary

- [Yttria](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/yttria/) - Yttria or yttrium oxide (Y2O3. It is an stable, white solid substance. Yttrium oxide is used as a common starting material for both materials science as well as inorganic compounds.
- [Watt](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/watt/) - Watt is the international SI unit of power equal to the amount of work performed per second. 1 watt (W) = 1J/s = 1Nm/s = 1 kg * 1m2/s3 or the power produced by a current of one ampere acting across a potential difference of one volt.
- [Capacitance](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/capacitance/) - The ability of a system to collect and store energy as electric charge.
- [Exothermic](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/exothermic/) - An exothermic process is a process where energy (or heat) is released to the surroundings.
- [Primary energy](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/primary-energy/) - Primary energy are found in nature and has not been subject to conversion or transformation.
- [Hysteresis](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/hysteresis/) - Hysteresis is the dependence of the state of a system on its history. Hysteresis can be a dynamic lag between an input and an output that disappears if the input is varied more slowly. Elastic hysteresis In the elastic hysteresis of rubber, the area in the centre of a hysteresis loop is the energy dissipated
- [Absorption](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/absorption/) - Absorption means a process by which a substance is taken into another substance. Absorb is also a condition where the atoms, molecules and ions enter a solid, gas or liquid material. Absorb is also a process in which the energy of a photon is taken into by another entity.
- [Endothermic](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/endothermic/) - An endothermic process is a process where energy (or heat) is absorbed from the surroundings.
- [Stoichiometric](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/stoichiometric/) - The presence of the exact proportional amount of compounds according to a given chemical formula.
- [Lorentz factor](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/lorentz-factor/) - Lorentz factor is the factor used within special relativity, by which time, length, and relativistic mass change for an object while that object is moving
- [binomial](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/binomial/) - An algebraic expression of the sum or the difference of two terms
- [SEER](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/seer/) - Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio. Describes the efficiency of a heat pump in cooling/air condition mode over a full year of operation at the given climate conditions.
- [SCOP](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/scop/) - Seasonal Coefficient of Performance. Describes the COP for a given heat pump over a full year of operation at given climate conditions. The higher the SCOP is for a heat pump the lower the annual power consumption will be at the given climate condition.
- [COP](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/cop/) - Coefficient of Performance. Describes the relationship between power output and power input.
- [Biomass](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/biomass/) - Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms.
- [Bio-oil](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/bio-oil/) - Bio-oil is oil produced from vegetables and other plants and fats from animals or fish.
- [Syngas](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/syngas/) - Syngas or synthetic gas describes various mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with minor amounts of carbon dioxide and possibly methane.
- [Greenhouse gases](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/greenhouse-gases/) - A greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs and emits radiation. The main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
- [Kinetic](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/kinetic/) - Kinetic means; relating to, caused by, or producing motion.
- [Angstrom](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/angstrom/) - Angstrom (Å) is a unit of length equal to 10−10 m (one ten-billionth of a metre) or 0.1 nm. Å is a letter in the Scandinavian alphabets.
- [Calorific value](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/calorific-value/) - Calorific value or heating value is the amount of heat released during complete combustion of a specified amount of a substance. Higher heating value (HHV) - It is assumed that all of the water in a combustion process is in a liquid state after the process. Lower heating value (LHV) - Is determined by subtracting the
- [Heating value](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/heating-value/) - Heating or calorific value is the amount of heat released during complete combustion of a specified amount of a substance. Higher heating value (HHV) - It is assumed that all of the water in a combustion process is in a liquid state after the process. Lower heating value (LHV) - Is determined by subtracting the heat
- [Heat capacity](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/heat-capacity/) - Heat capacity is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one kg of a substance by one degree Celsius or Kelvin.
- [Translational](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/translational/) - Translational (Physics - energy) means the movement of a body so that every point on the body follows a parallel path and no rotation takes place.
- [Manifold](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/manifold/) - A manifold is a chamber or pipe with several openings for receiving or distributing a fluid or gas.
- [Choke](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/choke/) - Choke valve (oil and gas production) is a type of control valves, used to control the flow of well fluids. Another purpose that the choke valves serve is to kill the pressure from reservoir and to regulate the downstream pressure in the flowlines.
- [Wafer](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/wafer/) - A wafer, also called a slice or substrate, is a thin slice of semiconductor material, such as crystalline silicon, used in electronics the fabrication of integrated circuits and in photovoltaic panels for conventional, wafer-based solar cells.
- [Volt](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/volt/) - Volt is the unit of electromotive force and electric potential difference equal to the difference between two points in a circuit carrying one ampere of current and dissipating one watt of power.
- [Vapour](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/vapour/) - Vapour means a gaseous substance at a temperature lower than that at which it can be liquefied or solidified by an appropriate increase in pressure alone.
- [Vacuum](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/vacuum/) - Vacuum is a space completely empty of matter but not achievable in practice on Earth. In day life terms it means a space where most of the air or gas has been extracted or in some cases even refers to a space where the pressure is much below normal atmospheric pressure.
- [Transition](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/transition/) - Transition is a process or period in which something undergoes a change and passes from one state, stage, form, or activity to another.
- [Terrestrial biosphere](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/terrestrial-biosphere/) - Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the conversions from one to another of various forms of energy and how these affect temperature, pressure, volume, mechanical action, and work.
- [Superheated](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/superheated/) - Superheated refers a liquid heated above its pressure-related boiling point without causing it to vaporise.
- [SI unit](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/si-unit/) - SI Unit is a unit adopted for international use under the Système International d'Unités in science and technology. The seven fundamental units are the meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela, and mole.
- [Semiconductor](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/semiconductor/) - A semiconductor is a substance, usually a solid chemical element or compound, that can conduct electricity under some conditions but not others.
- [Scrubber](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/scrubber/) - A scrubber is a device for removing impurities or pollutants from a gas.
- [Respiration](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/respiration/) - Respiration is the chemical and physical process in which oxygen is delivered to tissues or cells in an organism and carbon dioxide and water are given off.
- [Refractive](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/refractive/) - Refraction is the change in direction of propagation of a wave due to a change in its transmission medium.
- [Redox](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/redox/) - "Redox" comes from two concepts involved with electron transfer: reduction and oxidation. It can be explained in simple terms: Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion. Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion.
- [Pyrolysis](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/pyrolysis/) - Pyrolysis is decomposition of complex molecules by heat.
- [Proton](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/proton/) - A proton is a stable elementary particle that is a component of all atomic nuclei and carries a positive charge equal to that of the electron's negative charge.
- [Power](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/power/) - Power is a measure of the rate of doing work or transferring energy, usually expressed in terms of wattage or horsepower.
- [Polytropic](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/polytropic/) - A polytropic process is a thermodynamic process that obeys the relation: pvn= C (Constant), where p is the pressure, v is specific volume, and n is the polytropic index.
- [Plunger](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/plunger/) - Plunger is a part of a machine that thrusts or drops downward, e.g. a piston.
- [Plankton](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/plankton/) - Plankton are a diverse group of organisms that live in the water column of large bodies of water and that cannot swim against a current.
- [Planck](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/planck/) - Planck constant describes the behaviour of particles and waves on the atomic scale, including the particle aspect of light. Its value in metre-kilogram-second units is 6.62606957 × 10−34 joule second.
- [Photon](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/photon/) - Photon is a quantum of visible light or other form of electromagnetic radiation demonstrating both particle and wave properties. A photon has neither mass nor electric charge but possesses energy and momentum.
- [Newton](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/newton/) - One newton is a unit of force equivalent to the force that produces an acceleration of one meter per second per second on a mass of one kilogram.
- [Nucleus](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/nucleus/) - Nucleus is the positively charged central region of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons and containing most of the mass.
- [Nucleon](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/nucleon/) - A nucleon is one of the particles that make up the atomic nucleus. Each atomic nucleus consists of one or more nucleons. There are two known kinds of nucleon: the neutron and the proton.
- [Nuclei](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/nuclei/) - Nuclei or nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the centre of an atom.
- [Neutron](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/neutron/) - A Neutron is a neutral elementary particle with a zero electrical charge and a mass approximately equal to that of a proton.
- [Moment of inertia](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/moment-of-inertia/) - Moment of inertia is a measure of resistance to changes in angular speed, calculated as the sum of the products of the component masses of an object multiplied by the square of their distance from the axis.
- [Moment](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/moment/) - Moment (in physics) is a combination of a physical quantity and a distance. For example, a moment of force is the product of a force and its distance from an axis, which causes rotation about that axis. In principle, any physical quantity can be combined with a distance to produce a moment; commonly used quantities
- [Molecule](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/molecule/) - A molecule is the smallest physical unit of a substance that can exist independently, consisting of one or more atoms held together by chemical forces.
- [Mole](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/mole/) - One mole is the amount of a substance equal to the amount containing the same number of elementary units as the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12.
- [Membrane](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/membrane/) - A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some substance (atoms or molecules) to pass through but stops others.
- [Mechanical work](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/mechanical-work/) - Mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force.
- [Matter](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/matter/) - The common definition of matter is anything that has mass and volume (occupies space).
- [Magnetic field](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/magnetic-field/) - Magnetic field is a region of space surrounding a magnetized body or current-carrying circuit in which the resulting magnetic force can be detected.
- [Lithosphere](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/lithosphere/) - The lithosphere is Earth's surrounding layer, composed of solids such as soil and rock.
- [Joule](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/joule/) - Joule is the International System unit of energy or work, equal to the work done when a force of one newton is applied over a distance of one meter.
- [Isovolumetric](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/isovolumetric/) - Isovolumetric describes a process with constant volume.
- [Isothermal](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/isothermal/) - Isothermal describes a process with constant temperature.
- [Isobaric](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/isobaric/) - Isobaric describes a process with constant pressure.
- [Isentropic](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/isentropic/) - Isentropic describes an adiabatic reaction or process that takes place without a change in entropy.
- [Ion](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/ion/) - An Ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms (molecule) that has acquired the electric charge by losing or gaining on or more electrons.
- [Hydrosphere](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/hydrosphere/) - Hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a planet. The hydrosphere includes water that is on the surface of the planet, underground, and in the air.
- [Heat exchanger](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/heat-exchanger/) - Heat exchanger is a device that transfers heat from one medium to another.
- [Gravitation](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/gravitation/) - Gravitation is the force that causes two particles to pull towards each other. Including the force that the Earth or another astronomical object exerts on an object on or near its surface.
- [Gravity](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/gravity/) - Gravity is the force that causes two particles to pull towards each other. Including the force that the Earth or another astronomical object exerts on an object on or near its surface.
- [Gibbs](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/gibbs/) - Gibbs function/ free energy is a thermodynamic property of a system equal to the difference between its enthalpy and the product of its temperature and its entropy. It is usually measured in joules.
- [Fusion](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/fusion/) - Fusion (nuclear) is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come very close and then collide at a very high speed and join to form a new nucleus.
- [Friction](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/friction/) - Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.
- [Fracturing](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/fracturing/) - To break, crack or open up something,
- [Fission](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/fission/) - Fission (nuclear) is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts.
- [Fermentation](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/fermentation/) - Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases or alcohol.
- [Entropy](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/entropy/) - Entropy is a measure of the energy in a system or process that is unavailable to do work. In a reversible thermodynamic process, entropy is expressed as the heat absorbed or emitted divided by the absolute temperature.
- [Enthalpy](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/enthalpy/) - Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property equal to the sum of the internal energy of a system and the product of its pressure and volume.Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property equal to the sum of the internal energy of a system and the product of its pressure and volume.
- [Electron](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/electron/) - An electron is a stable negatively charged elementary particle with a small mass that is a fundamental constituent of matter and orbits the nucleus of an atom.
- [Electrolyte](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/electrolyte/) - An electrolyte is a liquid (or paste) that conducts electricity.
- [Electric field](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/electric-field/) - A field of force surrounding a charged body or associated with a fluctuating magnetic field, with which charged particles interact. It is defined as electric force per unit charge.
- [Ejector](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/ejector/) - A “lifting” injector uses the venturi effect of a nozzle to convert the pressure energy of a motive fluid (or gas) to velocity energy, which creates a low pressure zone that draws in and entrains a suction fluid (or gas). After passing through the throat of the injector, the mixed fluid expands and the velocity
- [Earth crust](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/earth-crust/) - The crust is the outermost solid shell of the Earth, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle.
- [DC](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/dc/) - Direct current is the unidirectional flow of electric charge.
- [Cyclone](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/cyclone/) - A device that rotates, using centrifugal force to separate materials, e.g. particles from a gas.
- [Cracker](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/cracker/) - A device in which petroleum oils and tars are broken down into lighter components.
- [Coalescer](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/coalescer/) - A coalescer is a device that is used to separate and consolidate the distinct components of a mixture, usually a liquid emulsion.
- [Charged particles](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/charged-particles/) - In physics, a charged particle is a particle with an electric charge. It may be an ion, such as a molecule or atom with a surplus or deficit of electrons relative to protons. It can be the electrons and protons themselves, as well as other elementary particles, like positrons.It may also be an atomic nucleus
- [Cathode](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/cathode/) - Cathode is the electrode or (positive) terminal by which current leaves an electrolytic cell, voltaic cell, battery, etc.
- [Casing](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/casing/) - A large diameter pipe inserted into a borehole. (Oil and gas exploration and production).
- [BOP](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/bop/) - Blow out preventer (oil and gas drilling).
- [Biosphere](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/biosphere/) - The biosphere is the space on or near Earths surface that contains and supports living organisms. It is subdivided into the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere.
- [Betz](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/betz/) - Betz law calculates the maximum power that can be extracted from wind, independent of the design of a wind turbine in open flow. No wind turbine can convert more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy turning the rotor.
- [Attenuator](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/attenuator/) - An attenuator is an electronic device that reduces the power of a signal without distorting its waveform.
- [Atmosphere](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/atmosphere/) - The whole mass of gas that surrounds a planet. On this site is refers to the air surrounding the Earth.
- [Anode](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/anode/) - An anode the electrode or (negative) terminal by which current enters an electrolytic cell, voltaic cell, battery
- [Ampere](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/ampere/) - An ampere is the SI unit of measurement of electric current. One ampere of current represents the flow of one coulomb per second.An ampere is the SI unit of measurement of electric current. One ampere of current represents the flow of one coulomb per second.
- [Ammonia](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/ammonia/) - Ammonia is a colourless gas. If the gas is dissolved in water, it is called liquid ammonia. Poisoning may occur if you breathe in ammonia.
- [Adsorption](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/adsorption/) - Adsorption is the process in which atoms, ions or molecules from a substance (it could be gas, liquid or dissolved solid) adhere to a surface of the adsorbent.
- [Adiabatic](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/adiabatic/) - Adiabatic describes a thermodynamic process that happens without loss or gain of heat
- [AC](https://energyfaculty.com/glossary/ac/) - Alternating current is an electric current in which the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction.

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